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URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



AN ESSAY 



ON THE 



Spiritual Nature of Force 

BY 

THOS. FREEM AN^MOSES, A. M., M. D., 

Prof, of Natural Science in Urhana University. 
BEAD AT THE ANNUAL COMMENCEMENT, JUNE 7, 1871. 



TOGETHER WITH THE 



Inaugural Address of the President, 



TO WHICH IS ADDED THE 



r 



Catalogue and Prospectus of the University 

For the Present Year. 



k 



CINCINNATI: 

1871. 



AN ESSAY 



ON THE 



SPIRITUAL NATURE OF FORCE 

BY 

THOMAS F. MOSES, A. M., M. D., 

Professor of Natural Science in Urhana University^ 

UBBANA, OHIO. 



in the Spiritual lature of lorce. 






Swedenborg, in his treatise upon the Divine Love and Wisdom, 
says: "For the dead to act upon the living, or, what is the same 
thing, for the natural to act upon the spiritual, is entirely con- 
trary to order; and to think it possible, is opposed to the light of 
sound reason." A knowledge, then, of the true order of nature is 
necessary to the exercise of sound reason. If we examine the 
past history of philosophy, we find it to be a controversy for the 
supremacy on the part of spirit and matter. "I will believe only 
what I see," says the materialist, and he strengthens his eyes with 
powerful lenses, and hopes to discover the secrets of nature and 
the origin of things by such aids to his natural senses. "I will 
see only what I believe," is, on the other hand, the motto of the 
spiritualist; and, since the days of Galileo, he has ever regarded 
with distrust the inventions and discoveries of science. The time 
has happily arrived when this mutual distrust may cease, and 
the advocates of the respective agencies of spirit and matter in 
the origin and continuance of things may henceforth work hand 
in hand in the great search after truth. 

We are entering upon a new era, an era in which the facts of 
science no longer clash with the truths of revelation. Science 
has been regenerated, for the contrast between its present and 
former condition is not so much the result of a progress in the 
old paths as a veritable new birth. The startling fact of the 
unity of all the forces operating in nature is a discovery in won- 



URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



derful harmony with the Divine Unity and Personality. On the 
other hand, it shall no longer be deemed unscientific to acknowl- 
edge a supernatural First Cause. Thus, how to bridge over the 
great gulf, which till now has apparently existed between science 
and revelation, is a problem which to day admits of solution. Not 
that in the minds of right-thinking men any such separation has 
had real existence, but by those whose patient and persevering 
labor has heaped up the treasures of science, and who guard them 
with a jealous care, a connected succession of causes is demanded, 
and justly so. This can not be found in any system of theology 
other than that of the New Church. Let us not hastily accuse 
them of infidelity. For want of a proper starting point, they are 
mistaken in their deductions ; but they are doubtless honest in 
their convictions, and we must confess that a large portion of 
scientific discovery is due to their efi'orts. We believe, however, 
that no fact is more clearly proven, or more solidly established, 
than that the first cause of all things is supernatural and con- 
stantly active, and upon this postulate all true science must be 
based. 

Let us review briefly the modern aspect of the physical sciences, 
with especial reference to this new doctrine of force. We shall 
endeavor to show, or at least to make it probable, that this force 
can not, in any instance, originate in matter itself, but must have 
a spiritual origin. With this end in view, it will be necessary to 
examine somewhat in detail the brilliant and plausible theories 
now held and propagated by some of the most eminent scientists 
of the day, to show, if possible, wherein they are fallacious. And, 
first, what is the present aspect of the physical sciences? 

Under the names of heat, light, electricity, magnetism, galvan- 
ism, chemical affinity, and gravity, have been designated most of 
the activities of matter. All these were believed to be elementary 
principles, with distinct characteristics and properties. In the 
progress of science, however, a more and more intimate connec- 
tion was found to exist between these various forces. The molec- 
ular attractions known as chemical affinity were seen to have a 
striking analogy with the mutual attractions of the great plan- 



ON THE SPIRITUAL NATURE OF FORCE. 



etary masses of the universe. Heat and light were observed to 
accompany many of the manifestations of chemical affinity, as 
well as of electricity and magnetism, especially when the motion 
of these forces, while in operation, was interrupted. More re- 
cently, the exact equivalence of heat and mechanical force, and 
their mutual convertibility, have been demonstrated. Thus, in the 
minds of many, a new conception of nature, founded upon these 
mutual relations, has been struggling into existence. This concep- 
tion has finally had birth in the wonderful discovery of the unity 
of all the physical forces, which, like the dawn of a new revelation, 
has poured a flood of light into every department of scientific 
investigation, grouping together in an harmonious manner all 
known facts, arranging and co-ordinating them, and rapidly assign- 
ing to each new discovery its relative value and appropriate sta- 
tion. In all the history of science, we shall find no theory so 
grand, so well supported by facts, and of so universal application ; 
and as such, we may regard it as the fitting sequence of that 
grander revelation of spiritual truths which we of the new theol- 
ogy hold. Upon its broad basis is destined to rise a new system 
of science, which will always be in perfect accord with divine 
revelation ; and religion may fearlessly welcome each new scien- 
tific discovery, not as a possible weapon to be directed against 
herself, but as a fresh bulwark of defense against the powers of 
evil. 

There are no longer forces^ then, in the sense of independent 
natural agencies, but there is a force or energy which flows down 
into matter, manifesting itself as heat, light, chemical affinity, and 
in other ways, according to the various uses it has to serve in the 
material world. All these may be said to be modes of motion, 
and motion is the sensible operation of force. This force does not 
reside in matter, does not belong to matter, but is above matter 
and nature — is in its essence supernatural or spiritual. And here 
the questions may be asked : what is matter, and what is spirit, 
and how are they able to operate, the one upon the other? 

I am aware that no end of fruitless speculation has been ex- 
pended upon these and kindred topics, and. I would by all means 



8 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



avoid the metaphysical maze which so-called philosophers have 
woven out of the mists of their own self-consciousness. Without 
attempting to describe what spirit and matter are in their essence 
— a task manifestly impossible — we content ourselves with indi- 
cating a few of the characteristic properties of each, which cor- 
respond to that distinct discrimination made between them by 
every human mind. 

It is reasonable to assume that matter, in its elementary form, 
is simple and homogeneous, and that in the beginning it was 
equally diffused throughout the universe. To this elementary 
form of matter, modern science has given the name of ether ; and 
it is the different aggregation of the atoms of ether that enter 
into the composition of the elementary particles of simple bodies, 
such as iron, carbon, oxygen, etc. That is to say, to use the lan- 
guage of the author of La Physique Moderne, " the molecules of 
these bodies do not differ in their substance, but simply in the 
interior arrangement of the etherial atoms which compose them." 
Some of the well-known properties of matter are extension, im- 
penetrability, and inertia. From matter we get the notion of 
space and time, which are peculiar to it. When we say that mat- 
ter is diffused throughout space, we must not infer that it is 
infinite, in any proper sense of that term. Indefinite extension is 
not infinity. Matter is finite, and always remains the same in 
kind, however indefinitely extended. Throughout the whole ex- 
tent of matter, we may further assume that a state of equilibrium 
at first existed. Now, is there anvthinsc in the nature of matter 
itself which should disturb this equilibrium? Certainly not. 
Inertia, or the disposition which matter has to remain at rest 
until set in motion by some force outside of itself, is one of the 
properties of matter. This principle of inertia "lies at the very 
basis of all mechanics, and is directly demonstrated by all human 
experience." Over this chaos the Spirit of God must have moved 
to originate the first motion. 

Now, spirit is that which flows into matter and gives it activity 
or motion. It is energy, actual and potential. In other words, it 
is the force by which matter is set in motion, and which is the 



ON THE SPIRITUAL NATURE OP FORCE. 



cause of its various transformations. It is invisible, impondera- 
ble, can not be handled. It is the indwelling essence that gives to 
matter its definite shapes, and fits it for its various uses. Spirit is 
the cause — the forms of matter are the effect. We acquire a 
knowledge of matter by touch, sight, smell, in general by our 
bodily senses. The nature of spirit is known rather by the tests 
applied hy our reason, than from the evidence of our senses. Its 
presence in nature is universal, and its operation constant. Re- 
move its influence, and chaos would reign once more. The relation 
existing between spirit and matter is that of a true correspond- 
ence, like that existing between the soul and body of man. In 
support of these statements, we make use, in a purely scientific 
point of view, of the following illustration : 

It is now generally conceded that from the sun of our planetary 
system proceed all those activities of matter operating in that 
system which we know by the name of the physical forces. We 
are all familiar with the recent results obtained from observing 
the appearance of the sun during a total eclipse. These observa- 
tions have been made in the most careful manner and with the 
most delicate instruments known to science. The result of them 
is to give additional proof of the common nature of the auroral 
and electrical phenomena exhibited in our own atmosphere with 
like phenomena displayed by the sun's corona, rendering it prob- 
able that they have one and the same origin. In like manner it 
is well nigh demonstrated that the spots on the sun have an inti- 
mate connection with those wonderful columns seen to project from 
its sphere during the totality of an eclipse, millions of miles into 
space, like living fountains of light and heat. These spots and 
protuberances have a direct influence upon the auroral and mag- 
netic phenomena of our earth, and also upon its changes of cli- 
mate and its animal and vegetable life. The spectroscope has 
shown us that in the sun's atmosphere exist, in their most subtle 
form, many, if not all the materials composing our earth and other 
earths. Here they exist in their purity and essence, and here is 
efi'ected their conjunction with spiritual forces. Is it not, perhaps, 
this unceasing commingling of spirit with matter which enables 



10 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



the sun to give out its exhaustless stores of light and heat, which 
are the first forms of material force or motion ? The most minute 
investigations conducted by scientific men have not teen able 
to discover any sensible di>cniinution in the sun's heat within 
known periods of time. It is said to be self-luminous also, an 
acknowledgment that its light has no known material source of 
supply. The materialist will here bring forward his doctrine of 
the conservation of force, but it is a fallacy to suppose that this 
conservation of force completes its circle in nature. In the exact 
ratio in which these physical forces, after being derived from the 
sun, are converted into each other, Nature displays a character- 
istic economy; but that they are able to restore an equivalent to 
the sun, their source, is a supposition, not only unnecessary, but 
entirely unsupported by a single fact. 

Let us ascend the scale of matter and note the operation of 
spiritual causes in the organized forms of the animal and vegeta- 
ble kingdoms. The author of that fascinating essay, the Physical 
Basis of Life, describes in a clear and striking manner the struc- 
tural element which enters into the composition of all plants and 
laving beings, from man to the lowest cell-germ of vegetable life. 
While science is indebted to him for a concise and lucid statement 
of the ordeirof nature in the employment of a simple, fundamental 
substance for the exhibition of the phenomena of life, we are far 
from accepting his conclusions as to the functions of this basis of 
life. The statement of Prof Huxley's theory runs, briefly, thus ; 
A unity of faculty, form, and structure pervades the whole living 
world. A substance known to physiologists as protoplasm is the 
physical or material basis for the exhibition of all the phenomena 
of life in man and plant, Man, whale, fungus, and microscopic 
animalcule enjoy an identity of structure, and, with the exception 
of a difference of degree, all possess like powers and faculties. 
These powers, faculties, and activities, exhibited in the single 
protoplasmic cell as a mere vibration of its walls, make the crea- 
ture which lies at the bottom of the animal scale; when variously 
^iiversified to correspond to that complexity of parts and functions 
belonging to the highest animal known in the scale, and accom- 



ON THE SPIRITUAL NATURE OP FORCE. 11 

panied with manifestations of intellect, feeling, and will, we have 
man. As regards plants, in respect of form they are not separable 
from anitnals, and, in many cases, " it is a mere matter of conven- 
tion whether we call an organism an animal or a plant." An im- 
portant difference, however, between them is that plants can 
manufacture protoplasm out of the mineral kingdom, which the 
animal can not do. The latter depends for its supply upon the 
plant. Thus, ordinary matter, as it exists in the animal kingdom 
under the forms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, be- 
comes, successively, plant, animal, and man. 

In the onward march of this theory in the construction of man 
out of matter, several important points are conceded by the way. 
The mineral never becomes the plant without the intervention of 
pre-existing protoplasm to act as the fulcrum for elevating the 
dead into living matter. The plant, in its turn, can not live upon 
the separate elements out of which its tissue is formed. They 
must first be variously combined. Its existence depends upon the 
pre-existence of certain compounds, those of carbonic acid, water, 
and ammonia. Again, " an animal can not make protoplasm, but 
must take it ready made from some other animal or plant." 
Thus, the protoplasm of the animal has the same relation to that 
of the plant as the protoplasm of the plant has to tfeft*s©f the min- 
eral compounds from which it grows. Here we have a clear inter- 
ruption at two points in this development theory, and these are at 
the place of transition of the mineral into the plant, and of the- 
plant into the animal. Yes, there are insuperable barriers sepa- 
rating the three great kingdoms of nature, and no one of them 
may ever pass over its prescribed limits into another. Behold, 
how short a distance the science which recognizes only the agency 
of matter leads us in the solution of the problem of life, and wit- 
ness, from the following general conclusion, how far it may con- 
duct us into error ! The author of this theory, so true in the 
main in point of fact, so erroneous in doctrine, frankly confesses 
that he finds no logical halting-place between th.e admission of 
the identical structure of all living forms and the further conclu- 
sion that all vital action may be said to be the result of th^ molec* 



12 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



ular forces of the protoplasm which displays it ; and, finally, that 
his thoughts and our thoughts are but the expression of the molec- 
ular changes in that matter of life which is the source of our 
other vital phenomena. Furthermore, although volition is admit- 
ted to have some influence over the course of events, yet anything 
like spontaneity of action is totally denied. By this is meant 
that any given phenomenon must be the effect of a material cause. 
A spontaneous act has, indeed, no material cause, but it is unwar- 
rantable logic to assert that it can have no cause whatever, and, con- 
sequently, that no act can be spontaneous. The act appears sponfa - 
neous from the very fact of its independence of all natural causes. 
But man is not a mere automaton, containing within himself all 
the springs of his life and his actions, nor can he be the sole cause 
of his own experiences. It is necessary to admit the influence 
and operation of spiritual causes. 

We have thus far tacitly admitted the truth of the theory of the 
identity of the basis of both animal and vegetable life ; in other 
words, that the compound called protoplasm is common to both. 
We have reason to believe that such is not the case, however. 
The essential difference between the three kingdoms of Nature lies 
in their spiritual origin and uses, and it is reasonable to suppose 
that a corresponding difference exists in the physical basis upon 
which each rests. We have called the structural element of the 
material kingdom the ethereal atom. That of the vegetable king- 
dom is termed protoplasm, likewise that of the animal kingdom. 
Yet the protoplasmic cell of the animal is not identical with that 
of the plant, for reasons above stated, and it remains for science to 
point out the exact distinction between them. Thus, the three 
kingdoms of Nature, reduced to their primary forms, are like three 
great planes which lie spread out indefinitely in all directions, but 
which never meet. The two lower are involved in the highest, 
but each remains distinct. No mineral ever becomes a plant, no 
plant ever becomes an animal. The lower of these forms are con- 
Btantly becoming incorporated into the higher, but a transubstan- 
tiation is impossible. Thus, growth and development are limited 
in each of the divisions of Nature to its own domain respectively. 



ON THE SPIRITUAL NATURE OF FORCE. 13 

No one raises itself to a higher ; there can be no progress of this 
sort. On the contrary, as surely as water runs down hill or a stone 
falls to the earth, so surely do all the forms of matter gravitate by 
a universal law toward a common level, that of their original ele- 
ments. It is spiritual force alone, emanating from its supremo 
source, that restrains this tendency to dissolution. 

Again, do the different genera and species of animals and plants 
ever pass into each other? The advocates of the development 
theory claim that such is the case, and that the higher forms of 
living organism were gradually derived from the lower. The 
arguments in support of this theory are drawn chiefly from ob- 
servations upon the effects of domestication upon animals and 
plants. Subjected to new and peculiar conditions many animals 
and plants display marked variation from their original type. 
From this it has been inferred that by slow and gradual processes 
of nature, conducted through immense periods of time, these 
changes from the original typo might result in new varieties and 
species. The truth is, the first step in this supposed development 
never takes place. There is no instance of a change of one species 
of animals into another within the memory of living men, nor do 
the history of past times or the records of geology bear witness to 
a single example of such a transformation. As, however, all 
things in the animal and vegetable kingdoms have relation to man, 
man being the sum of all created things, so that the "universe is 
but a larger body for his soul," we see in all forms, even the low- 
est, some representation of man. There is a tendency toward 
man in them all, as all are destined ultimately to be of use to him, 
and to become a part of him. 

This is seen imperfectly in the mineral kingdom, in a more 
marked degree in the vegetable kingdom, and most of all in somo 
of the higher and more perfect animals. Each is typical or pro- 
phetic of something higher. Bat such resemblances do not prove 
that man is in any sense a result of any of these lower forms by 
some process of differentiation or selection, however gradual. The 
weight of evidence goes to establish this truth, that a distinct germ 
is provided for every variety of animal and vegetable, and that no 



14 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



germ of one kind ever produces that of another. This germ is but 
a form or receptacle into which flows the peculiar spiritual force 
or life which is to characterize it and give it individuality. This 
gives to each particular member of a species its proper rank and 
prominence. 

How is this argument, drawn from the eff'ects of domestication 
■upon animals, to be met? The answer is this: All improvement 
in the breeds of animals effected bv the intervention of an intclli- 
gent human will, and whatever of native ferocity domestic animals 
have lost, and whatever of gentleness, docility, and intelligence 
they have gained, may safely be ascribed to the humanizing in- 
fluence of their association with men. Moreover, these improve- 
ments are not permanent. Eestore any of the domestic animals to 
their primitive surroundings and conditions, and they speedily 
relapse into their original savage state. 

Were the cynic philosopher of Athens to come in our day with 
his lantern to search for man in the being constructed b}^ a purely 
material science, by means of this process of development or 
natural selection, he would not find him. In reality, such theories 
as those of Darwin, Huxley, and their followers stop short of man 
altogether. They, at the most, predicate something of the body 
he dwells in. But the animal organism which man. inhabits is no 
more the man himself than the house in which he lives. The dif- 
ference between him and the lower animals is not to be sought for 
in physical conformation. His body is the highest form of organ- 
ized matter, and it is so that his connection with the material 
world may be through the best possible medium. To accept such 
theories would be to deny that there is anything in man above 
nature. More than this, it would compel us to admit that all our 
acts are the result of co-ordinate natural forces operating through 
finely organized forms 'of matter; in a word, that man himself is 
the resultant of external circumstances, hereditary peculiarities, 
and acquired physical conditions. True, volition is allowed as a 
possible factor in his composition, but one having only a slight 
influence on the result. What is this volition^ of which so little 
account is made ? Is it not that immaterial part of man which 



ON THE SPIRITUAL NATURE OF FORCE. l5 

clothes itself with the highest or primary forms of matter, and 

those confessedly, through which the intellectual operations are 

carried on, or the nerve tissue? In the progress of growth it is 

the will that determines the act, and actsdetermine structure, 

and so the man is builded. When by protracted mental effort I 

have wasted a certain portion of my brain tissue, and new matter 

has been appropriated to repair the waste, that portion of the 

brain has experienced an actual growth, and, after due rest, is 

capable of exerting a larger effort in the same direction ; for the 

same law which obtains with muscle and sinew holds equally 

good with the brain. All physical activity is accompanied by a 

breaking down and waste of fiber in the parts employed in the 

action, the repair of which constitutes growth and development ; 

and that marvelous hidden energy called mind destroys its cov* 

ering of nerve tissue, but builds again larger and better, and it 

likewise directs and governs the growth of the whole body. It is 

thus that man's spirit reaches down into matter and gathers up 

its mantle of earth, which it shapes to itself, almost at will, and 

stamps its image on the plastic clay. Spirit acts upon matter, and 

not matter upon spirit. Thought and will are such spiritual 

agents. It is true that in man's more immediate relations with 

the world of matter there is a sort of mechanism, a reciprocity of 

impression and action, which affords an apparent basis for the 

theory we have endeavored to refute. The study of these mutual 

relations constitutes a legitimate branch of science, but it is only 

on a material plane that its investigations may be pursued, as no 

higher is admitted by those who cultivate it. They have no right 

to push their conclusions into a field belonging to a higher and 

truer science. 

In the study of the natural sciences we recognize two classes of 
minds, one in its way as important as the other. There are 
those whose genius is of a narrow order, permitting them only to 
seize upon some few of the combinations of the great whole. 
They disregard the sum total in order to scrutinize details, be^ 
cause these they can subject to the analysis of reason, defining and 
limiting them, but unable to perceive their full and entire rela- 



16 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



tions. There are grander minds whose broad range and compre- 
hensive grasp can mass together and co-ordinate these isolated facts, 
fitting them into a connected series, deducing from them truths of 
highest import. These last catch glimpses of the true order of 
Nature. And there is a Supreme Intelligence, to whose clear, illim- 
itable vision all things, both grandest and least, are in perfect har- 
monious order. Is unaided science able to arrive at a knowl- 
edge of this true order of Nature ? No. Our Jacob's ladder must 
first be let down from heaven before we can climb its heights. It 
is impossible for the " natural to act upon the spiritual." We 
&hall never reach heaven by any tower of Babel, however broadly 
we place the foundations, or however skillfully we lay the stones. 
Every object which pictures itself in the eye presents an inverted 
image on the retina. It is a heaven-born faculty alone that gives 
us erect vision. So the eye of science sees all things upside down, 
unless a spiritual insight is given to restore the true order. 
Science may pick out the letters, revelation alone can construct 
the word. How futile are our attempts to discover the origin and 
principles of things by purely scientific means. The microscopist 
peers into the inmost recesses of matter, and that which resists his 
last analysis is a nucleated cell, the particles of which are in rapid 
motion. The astronomer directs his most powerful lenses along 
the highways of space, and that which bounds his remotest vision 
is a nebulous mass, with a denser nucleus near its center, the egg, 
perhaps, of a universe, the minute star points of which are also 
in motion. In both directions infinity bounds the view. With 
the telescope we place ourselves at a distance, and get, as it were, a 
perspective view of creation. With the microscope we multiply 
infinity around us. We are no nearer the world of causes than 
before. 

In the new theology, known as the New Jerusalem, now de- 
scending among men, is contained in its grand outlines the true 
system of the universe. The general plan is here ; it remains for 
science to fill up the details. The wonderful scientific discoveries 
of the present day, rendered possible, we believe, by an antece- 
dent influx of spiritual truth into the world, not only harmonize 



ON THE SPIRITUAL NATURE OP FORGE. 17 

in a striking manner with this general plan, but they also illus- 
trate and confirm the system of theology which embodies it. The 
inspired teachings of the Kew Church enfold the broad and gen- 
eral principles that govern the order of Nature. They teach that 
which science now readily admits and confirms with abundant proofs 
after twenty centuries of patient investigation — the unity of force ! 
It is in fact the ultimation of the unity of idea and singleness of 
purpose of a One, Divine, and Personal Creator. It has been our 
humble effort to trace this force back to its source, to show that all 
force, whether operating in the lowest crystal or in man, is spirit- 
ual; and this should be a cardinal doctrine of the New Science, as 
it is of the New Theology. 



I he ;|ew ijhurch ||niversity. 



INAUGURAL ADDRESS, 



Delivered at Commencement at Urbana University, June 7, 1871, 
By the Rev. FRANK SEWALL, A. M., President. 



Use is the law that governs the growth and determines the final 
success of institutions. Institutions that are not needed are 
sure to fail in the end, however they may be for a season held up 
and made to look prosperous by the selfish interest and devotion 
which founded them ; but institutions whose foundations lie in the 
use they perform, or are laboring more and more effectually to per- 
form in the community, are in the orderly, because in the heav- 
enly way of growth and prosperity. 

It is of great importance, therefore, that in inaugurating any 
new enterprise, a definite understanding be had of the especial 
use which this is to serve. For, if the labor be directed toward 
the particular use as an end, it may be done in reasonable hope of 
success ; but whatever the end be, abstractly viewed, or not defi- 
nitely viewed, or not definitely seen and practically labored for, the 
effort, directed by mere temporary expediency with shifting pur- 
pose and uncertainty of aim, will at length fail from sheer want 
of a proper understanding of its own use and of persistency in 
striving to fulfill it. 

The question is asked, what is the use of more universities or 



20 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



colleges? And the question is well put as applying to such an 
institution as our own. It will not be inappropriate on the present 
occasion to say a few words in answer to this question, for it is 
a point which, on the grounds stated above, should be carefully 
considered by all who have the interests of our institution at 
heart. 

It is really and practically of more importance to our ultimate 
success, to consider what is the peculiar use and end of our insti- 
tution, than to consider how may we the most profitably sustain it 
pecuniarily for one, two, or a longer period of years. 

Why multiply the colleges or institutions claiming that title, 
already so numerous in our land? In our own State of Ohio, 
there are no less than thirty institutions bearing the once honored 
and significant name of college or university. Besides the usually 
well-appointed high schools in all our cities and county towns, 
there is in almost every town or city of much importance a so- 
called college or university, more or less liberally endowed and 
numerously attended. What is the use of so many? Is it a 
numerical want? Is Urbana University needed because the 
accommodation is too scanty elsewhere, because there are not 
schools enough, or teachers enough, or buildings enough in pro- 
portion to the number of students applying ? Surely this is not the 
case. Numerically considered, it were well if we had far fewer 
rather than a greater number of colleges, and if the few were 
filled to their capacity rather than leading a labored and impov- 
erished existence, owing to thin attendance and scanty funds. 

But the answer is usually made in defense of the multiplication 
of colleges so far beyond the numerical demand : " The want and 
the use is a denominational one; a want which, from the nature 
of our religious institutions as a people, can not be met in any 
other way than the establishment of special denominational col- 
leges and seminaries." 

The defense is a valid one, as generally employed. Whatever 
we may think of the importance or non-importance of the grounds 
of difference which divide and distinguish the Christian sects, it 
remains a fact, that while men remain as they are such differ- 



INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 21 



ences will exist, and in the minds of those concerned will assume 
such an importance as to make the demand for denominational 
schools, and accordingly for denominational colleges, an impera- 
tive one. And no one would willingly see the freedom of such 
bodies in carrying out their ends infringed upon. 

But reasonable as is this plea for denominational colleges, and 
the defense rested thereon for the otherwise unnecessary multipli- 
cation of schools of so high rank, is this our plea and our defense ? 

Is the use of Urbana University that of a denominational 
school and only that? 

By a denominational school, I understand a school where the 
usual sciences are taught in the usual manner, but where, in what 
appertains to religion, the pupils are brought under the particular 
guidance and training of the respective denomination in whose 
interests the school is maintained. Thus the diversity of such 
schools and their distinctive character does not lie, at least to any 
essential degree, in any difference of scientific or literary instruc- 
tion, but in those features which are held quite aloof from science 
and learning, namely, those appertaining to faith and religion. 

A New Church school intended to furnish instruction in the 
usual branches to all who apply, and to bring its pupils under the 
religious influence and teachings of its doctrines and worship, is, 
in so far, a denominational school in precisely the sense of other 
similar institutions. A New Church college has this use to sub- 
serve, as at least one of its uses : to afford a place of literary, 
social, and religious training to young people from localities where 
privileges of this kind, in the New Church, do not exist. The 
parent may not be particular; he will hardly inquire what course 
of text-books, what kind of science or letters is taught; but he 
will, in sending his child away to be educated, consider whether 
to send him where he will be under New Church influences or 
under those of a religious body with whom he is not in the same 
sympathy. The schools being equal in all purely scientific re- 
spects, the New Churchman wants a New Church school, in order 
that while his child is being educated in letters, he may also be 



22 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



growing up in the faith and religious attachments of the New 
Church. 

Such is the denominational plea for a New Church school. It is 
reasonable as far as it goes, but applies more properly to the pri- 
mary and grammar school than to the college or university. For 
it is during the years of youth and the earlier training in school, 
that the pupil needs the surrounding influences and teachings 
which shall go to form his religious belief and character. The 
young man ready to enter college, and certainly the mature stu- 
dent ready to enter upon any of the higher professional courses of 
university study, will have his mind already fixed in the princi- 
ples of his faith and of his conduct. For this reason many intelli- 
gent New Churchmen have questioned whether a higher school 
be needed for the New Church student who, already, in his earlier 
years, principled in the faith and life of the Church, should be 
capable of going forth into all fields of learning, to reap with 

profit, unhindered by denominational lines. 

But beyond this mere denominational use of throwing about the 
pupil the religious influences of the Church, I maintain that the 
New Church University has a distinct and important use to perform, 
which is all its own, which no other institution can perform, and 
which justifies, therefore, abundantl}^ the effort, which has here 
been inaugurated, of building up such an institution. 

This distinctive use of the New Church University, a use distinct 
from that of a mere denominational New Church school, is to 
bring the light of the New Dispensation down into the realm of 
nature and of science itself It is not to teach theology and relig- 
ion alone and apart, and science and philosophy alone and apart, 
but to unite the two hitherto separated and irreconcilable factors 
into the sublime unity, order, and beauty in which they stand 
revealed in the light of the science of Correspondences and of the 
spiritual sense of the Scriptures. The Christian Church has 
taught religion through the pulpit for centuries, while in the lec- 
ture room science and philosophy have still taught pantheism, 
atheism, or deism, indifferent utterly to the voice of revelation. 
But we are come to another and new age — yea, and a new world ! 



INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 23 



The science of Correspondences, which leaches the law of the 
relation of natural to spiritual things and the doctrine of Discrete 
Degrees, throws a light upon all the realm of natural science, yea, 
assists the reason itself as with a new faculty, enabling not simply 
the believing but also the rational mind to see the unity of the 
universe, spiritual and natural, and the oneness of the God of 
nature with the Grod of the Christian revelation. 

To bring thus the light of heaven to bear upon questions of 
earthly science, of human history and development, is an offipe 
compatible with only those higher pursuits of study which belong 
to the college or university. The youth at school is occupied with 
learning objects and effects; he is not yet ready to enter into the 
region of causes which are interior and further removed from 
nature ; least of all, can he enter into the Divine ends of things j 
but with a mind well stored with the outward principles, forms, 
and rules of science, he is to be led in the college to an under- 
standing of interior principles, or to learn more of the soul of 
things, and thence upward in the higher university course and in 
the vast field of the New Church Theology to pierce to a vision of 
final ends, or the purposes and methods, so far as they are revealed, 
of the Divine wisdom and the Divine love. 

If this be the true end of a New Church University, have I 
exaggerated its worth in saying it has a use all its own, which no 
other institution can subserve, and which justifies abundantly our 
efforts; yea, which should encourage and animate us with hopeful 
confidence in the midst of whatever outward difficulties, and a 
general misapprehension of our aim ? 

And if this is our distinctive use — the one thing that gives us a 
moral right to exist, in view of the already existing superfluity of 
colleges in our land — then ought we not to have a single eye to the 
performance of this use, if we wish to permanently prosper? 
Our efforts, at the best, can be but feeble, and our talents miserably 
inadequate to so grand an ideal ; but if it is the best we can afford, 
and the utmost of our honest ability, we may rest assured that 
with the use of what we have, our ability will increase. But it is 
all important that we keep our true end in view. If we lose 



24 FRBANA UNIVERSITY. 



sight of this, we shall find ourselves only unrightful and idle sup- 
planters of others who could much better fill our place. As a 
mere local day school, we would be competing without any suffi- 
cient warrant with the public or other schools which already 
abound. If, then, our 'New Church school must be something more, 
what shall it be? A school and a church, do you answer? But 
if this be all, why, then, not send our children into any town 
where there is a New Church pastor and congregation, and let 
them attend the public schools which are so ably appointed and 
well conducted? We find but small ground to justify any large 
expenditure for a denominational New Church school, if its use as 
a school be only that of any of the ordinary public or private day 
schools ! Our school, like many others, may indeed be supported, 
or half supported, from a kind of local accident, while yet, for all 
the purposes of sound moral and literary education, it may far bet- 
ter have never existed at all. But if we bend all our efforts toward 
the performing of our peculiar use, the establishing of a New 
Church college, that is, of a school wherein the distinctive principles 
of the New Church shall come down even into the teachings of 
science itself, and if we make all other efforts subordinate to this 
ruliDg one, then we are justified in extending our influence as a 
school as widely as possible, and in striking down as well as 
upward, and in bringing as many grades and departments of 
teaching into our limits as we can consistently with our obliga- 
tions to our main and ruling purpose. 

The world is ripe for an enterprise such as I have described. 
Science is ready to become the seer now that Faith no longer fears 
to reason. The teachers are abroad; their words fall frag- 
mentarily, but with a wondrous harmony and unity, upon a world 
listening for the New Faith and for the New Church. Somewhere, 
perhaps not in our day, nor even in our own clime, it shall be 
realized, when pupils and teachers shall be gathered together for 
the noble and delightful study of the Science of Nature in the light 
of the Word of God, in a New Church university. 



PROSPECTUS AND CATALOGUE 



OF 



URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



1871. 



UEBANA, O., June, 1871. 



Trustees. 

First Appointment. Name and Residence. End of Term. 

1850 MiLO G. Williams, Urbana, O 1874 

1851 John H. James, Urbana, 1875 

1853 Wm. M. Murdoch, Urbana, O 1877 

1854 J. YouNa Scammon, Chicago, 111 ,.1876 

1855 J. Eandolph Hibbard, Chicago, 111 1875 

1856 Chauncey Giles, New York, K Y 1876 

1860 Henry T. Niles, Urbana, 1872 

1860 Henry P. Espy, Urbana, 1872 

1866 Jacob L. Wayne, Cincinnati, 1877 

1867 John C. Ager, Brooklyn, K Y 1873 

1868 Frank Sewall, Urbana, O 1874 

1870 Charles G. Smith, Urbana, O... 1873 



Officers of the Board. 



Frank Sewall, President. 
MiLO G. Williams, Secretary. 
Charles G-. Smith, Treasurer. 



Executive Committee. 



MiLO G. Williams, 
John H. James, 
Wm. M. Murdoch, 
Charles G. Smith.- 



CALENDAR. 



1871. — September 4, Monday Examinationfor Classes in the 

Grammar School. 

September 5, Tuesday Examination for admission to 

Freshman Class. 

December 1, Friday First Term ends. 

December 4, Monday Second Term begins. 

December 23, Saturday Christmas Recess. 

1872. — January 2, Tuesday Studies resumed. 

March 1, Friday Second Term ends. 

March 4, Monday Third Term begins. 

March 8, Friday Spring Exhibition. 

March 29, Friday Easter Recess. 

April 2, Tuesday Studies resumed. 

^ ^ ^ \^ /^! I Annual Examinations. 

June 3, Monday j 

June 4, Tuesday Awards and Closing Services 

in Chapel. 
June 4, Tuesday Annual Meeting of the Board 

of Trustees. 
June 5, Wednesday Commencement. 



FACULTY. 



The Eev. Frank Sewall, A. M., President^ 

Professor of Mental and Moral Science. 

Thomas F. Moses, A. M., M. D., 

Professor of Natural Science. 

Hjalmar H. Boyesen, Cand. Phil, Univ. of Norway, 

Instructor in the Greek and Latin Languages. 



Preceptress of the Girls' School and of the Primary Department. 

Mrs. M. a. Purinton, 

Matron of the College Hall. 



p r 

|lrbana ||niversity. 



This institution was established in the year 1850, at Urbana, in 
the State of Ohio, under a charter granted by the legislature of 
that State. 

Founded in the interests of the ]N"ew Church, and conducted 
under its auspices, it has for its object the education of youth in 
the useful arts and sciences, and in the true Christian religion. 
The controlling aim in its government and instruction is to com- 
bine with thorough scientific and literary culture a knowledge of the 
uses and duties of the Christian life, and to pursue the study of 
natural science and the development of the reason upon the prin- 
ciple of the entire and perfect harmony of these with revealed 
religion and the Word of God. 

The institution is under the management of twelve trustees, who 
are required by the terms of the charter to be members of the New 
Church, or attached to the principles thereof. These trustees are 
divided into six classes which expire in annual succession, and the 
vacancies thus caused are filled by the remaining trustees. 

The name of University was conferred by the State before 
any schools existed to form such an institution, the charter author- 
izing "aij institution designed to encourage and promote the diffu- 
sion of knowledge in all the branches of academic, scientific, and 
exegetic instruction." An elementary school and preparatory or 
grammar school were first organized, and in the year 1853, with 
an efiicient corps of professors in the three academic departments 
of language, the natural and the moral sciences, the College was 
fairly inaugurated. The first class was graduated in the degree 
of Bachelor of Arts in the year 1857, and for four successive years, 
classes were graduated in this degree. The outbreak of the war 
in 1861, combined with other adverse circumstances to render a 
suspension of the collegiate department necessary, and only the 



34 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



lower schools have since that time been sustained until the last 
year, when, with the election of the present President, the College 
organization was restored, and preparation was at once begun for 
re-establishing the College as soon as a class of students should be 
got together who had attained to the requisite standard for enter- 
ing upon the Freshman year. A class of young men in the Univer- 
sity Grammar School have been during the year actively preparing 
to enter upon the College course next September, and this, together 
with indications from abroad, leads the government to expect an 
auspicious inauguration of the College department with the Fall 
Term of the present year. Students entering in advanced standing 
will also be enabled to pursue their studies in the proper grade. 

ADMISSION. 

The standard for admission will be found in the Courses of Study 
given in the following pages. Students will be examined and as- 
signed to their grades in the College or preparatory course, accord- 
ing to their attainments. They must furnish satisfactory evidence of 
a good moral character, and on entering the University, will be re- 
garded as assuming the obligations of a strictly honorable and con- 
scientious behavior. As soon as it becomes known that a student is 
deriving no benefit from his attendance, or that he persists in a 
course injurious to himself or his fellow students, his connection 
with the University will be promptly, dissolved. 

RELIGIOUS DUTIES. 

The President assumes the pastoral charge of the University and 
attends to the religious education and doctrinal instruction of the 
students. Divine worship is held daily in thie College, which the 
students and pupils are required to attend. Their attendance will 
also be required at the 'New Church service and Sunday-school on 
Sundays, except when excused for special reasons. 

LOCATION. 

The city of Urbana, in which the College is situated, is the county 
seat of Champaign county, and contains from four to five thousand 
inhabitants. The town is of a neat and tasteful character, with well- 
improved streets and pleasant gardens. The College grounds are 
in close proximity to the town and yet beyond the range of general 
habitation ; they comprise thirty acres of native forest. Here are 



URBANA UNIVERSITY. 35 



located the University Hall, containing the class rooms, library, etc., 
and the College Hall for the students' residence. Urbana is acces- 
sible by railroad from every direction. The express trains from 
New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and other 
important points stop here twice a day, affording the town unusual 
mail and traveling facilities. 

PRICE OF TUITION. 

The academic year of forty weeks is divided into three terms 
of thirteen weeks each, with a week's recess at Christmas. 
The prices of tuition are : 

In College (French, German, etc., included) $20 00 per term. 

In Grammar School, according to grade, $12 to 15 00 " " 

In Elementary School , 8 00 " " 

French or German, extra in the Schools. 

BOARDING AND OTHER EXPENSES. 

The price of board at the College Hall is $4.50 per week, wash- 
ing, fuel, and lights not included. The rooms are plainly furnished, 
but the student is requested to bring with him, if convenient, a 
change of bed-linen and a strip of carpet two yards in length. 
The annual expenses may be roughly estimated thus : 

Term Dues in College, at $20.00 $60 00 

Boarding, 40 weeks, at $4.50 180 00 

Washing, Fuel Lights 40 00 

Books, Library Fee, etc 10 00 

College students, or pupils of the grammar school, who, for the 
sake of economy, may desire to avail themselves of situations 
offered them in private families, or where boarding may be ob- 
tained at cheaper rates than at the College Hall, will be permitted 
to do so — said places having been first selected or approved by 
the College Faculty. 

STUDIES— DEGREES. 

THE COURSE IN ARTS. 

The usual academic course of four years' study will be required 
of candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts. A careful and 
thorough training in the Greek and Latin languages will form an 
important feature of this course, and this not so much with a view 
to acquiring such knowledge as a literary accomplishment, as for 



36 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



the sake of the moral culture aiforded by the familiar intercourse 
of the student's mind with the thoughts and customs of a past age, 
and also for that practical basis for the science of language, and 
thence for the science of thought itself, which the study of the 
ancient languages is peculiarly designed to supply. Far from 
being out of place in a scientific course, the study of the classics 
is regarded as itself strictly and in an eminent sense scientific, 
and as affording important elements of ethical and logical culture. 
The study of these languages, not as dead, but as living in the 
■language and in the thought and affection of to-day, will give a 
breadth and depth to mental training worthy of the new age 
which is now first reducing the study of language to a science and 
the sciences themselves to their destined unitj" and harmony. 

MODERN LANGUAGES. 

Together with the study of Greek and Latin, careful attention 
will be paid to the practical acquirement of the modern European 
tongues, especially the French and German. 

Conversational exercises, familiarizing the student with current 
idioms and familiar phrases in the spoken languages, will form an 
important feature of this branch, while due attention will be paid 
to the valuable fields of literature thus opened up to the student's 
research. 

ENGLISH LANGUAGE — ANGLO-SAXON. 

In literary study, no branch, however, will be regarded as more 
important than the study of our own English language, both in 
its present grammar and literature, and in its great Anglo-Saxon 
mother tongue. The study of Anglo-Saxon will form a distinct 
but regular feature of the course in Arts. 

THE COURSE IN SCIENCE. 

A three years' course of study largely occupied in the natural 
sciences and applied mathematics, and in which the Greek lan- 
guage is dispensed with, and only one college year's course of 
Latin required, will be requisite for the degree of Bachelor of 
Science. The higher mathematics, the familiar use of the French 
language, and a general survey of the natural and practical sciences, 
will be the chief characteristics of this course. Pupils in the 
Grammar School, who are not preparing for College, may substi- 
tute the modern languages for the classics, and take a High School 
Course in natural science, rhetoric, etc. But in the College, 
whether in the course in Arts or in Science, there will be no partial 



URBA.NA UNIVERSITY. 37 



or special course allowed, nor other election of studies than such 
as is designated in the printed curriculum. Students of advanced 
grade, however, who can pass a satisfactory examination in studies 
pursued by them elsewhere, will be accredited with such in the 
assignmentoftheir standing, and allowed to pursue exclusively those 
required branches in which they are deficient. 

LECTURES—GENERAL EXERCISES. 

During the present year the President has publicly delivered 
two courses of "University Lectures." The first, consisting of 
four lectures, was on the " Second Coming of the Lord as now being 
fulfilled;" the second, of six familiar lectures, on the "Intel-nal 
Sense of the first Chapters of Grenesis." Addressed especially 
to the members of the University, these lectures were listened to 
by a numerous general audience, including a number of the citizens 
of the town . Si milar courses of lectures will form a regular feature 
of the educational course each year. 

The immediate doctrinal instruction of the students and pupils 
is provided for in the Sunday-school under the direction of the 
President. The younger boys are required to learn the Lord's 
Prayer and the Ten Commandments, and the Universals of the 
Christian faith. The older students enter the doctrinal or Bible 
class and pursue regular studies in the Word, and also in some 
work selected from the writings of the Church as a text-book. 
The manual in use this year has been the "Doctrine of Life for the 
New Jerusalem. 

In the day school an earnest effort has been made to promote a 
healthy and even develoj)ment of the various faculties and tastes 
of the pupil's mind, by providing a series of weekly general exer- 
cises, illustrated lessons, and lectures, as follows: 

In Drawing. — One jhour a week for the whole school, from ex- 
ercises in straight and^curved lines to simple landscapes, architec- 
tural forms, and the human face. 

In Music. — The rudiments of musical notation; reading at 
sight without instrumental accompaniment. In these exercises 
the whole school is engaged one hour a week. Opportunities are 
also provided for the training of all the students who desire it in 
the music of the church services, and for the formation of choral 
classes for the study of classical music. 

Illustrated Lectures in Geography, Political and Physical. 

Lessons and Drilling Exercises in English. — Reading, Spell- 
ing, and Grammar. 

Illustrated Lectures in Architecture. 



38 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



LIBRARY. 

The libraries of the University comprise about 5,000 volumes, 
including a valuable complete set of the works of Swedenborg, both 
scientific and theological. A number of the leading literary 
magazines and the periodicals of the Church are received regularly 
at the library for the free use of the students. 

DONATIONS, WANTS, ETC. 

The University has the promise of several valuable donations of 
scientific books, mineralogical and other collections, on condition 
of the proper rooms being provided for their arrangement and 
preservation. 

A liberal endowment is needed for completing the University 
Hall upon the original plan, providing a fire-proof library, lec- 
ture rooms, and chapel, and for the permanent maintenance of 
professorships in the several departments. 

GENERAL PATRON. 

As a precaution against extravagance, parents at a distance may 
deposit funds with the General Patron, who will, when requested, 
pay particular attention to the pecuniary concerns of the pupil or 
student, keeping a strict account with him, corresponding with 
the parent, and transmitting, at regular periods, an account of ex- 
penditures. The President will fulfill the duties of Patron the 
coming year. 

THE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. 

At the recent annual meeting of the Board of Trustees, action 
was taken removing the girls' school, as also the primary classes, 
from the University Hall, and ordering the erection of a separate 
building for the girls' school and primary department as soon as 
practicable. Steps are already being taken to accomplish this, and 
it is not impossible that the building will be ready at the beginning 
of the Fall Term. Definite information can be obtained by inquir- 
ing of the Secretary of the Board, Mr. Milo Gr. Williams, Urbana. 

Note. — Tuition fees must absolutely be paid in advance, and 
no student's or pupil's name will be placed on the roll except on 
presenting his term bill receipted, or else a special order from the 
Executive Committee of the Board permitting the enrollment of 
his name. Damages to the College property will be assessed on 
the perpetrator, or averaged on all the scholars when the perpe- 
trator is unknown. 

The library fee will be one dollar per year. 



I^he l^ourse of Itudy. 



I. IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 

Are taught Reading, Writing, Spelling, Arithmetic, Geography, Pri- 
mary History of United States and England, Oral Grammar, 
and First Lessons in Composition; French (Mrs. Barbaiild's 
First Lessons) and Latin at option. 



U. THE UNIVERSITY GRAMMAR SCHOOL. 

Standard Age of Entering, 14 Years. 



Fii^sT Year 



FIRST TERM. 

Latin — Harkness' Introductory Latin Book. 
Arithmetic — Stoddard's Complete. 
Geography — Guyot's Common School. 
English — Eeading, Spelling, Writing. 

SECOND TERM. 

Latin — Harkness' Latin Grrammar. 

Arithmetic — Continued. 

Geography — Continued. 

English — Eeading, Spelling, and Letter Writing. 

THIRD TERM. 

Latin — Harkness' Latin Grammar and Allen's Eeader. 

Arithmetic — Continued. 

Geography and History of the United States. 

English — Written Exercises in Geography and History. 



Second Year. 



FIRST TERM. 

Latin — Allen's Latin Eeader; Latin Grammar. 
Greek — Boise's First Greek Book, with Hadley's Grammar. 
Mathematics — Stoddard's Arithmetic. 

History — Anderson's General History, Ancient; Biblical Geog- 
raphy. 



40 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



SECOND TERM. 

Latin — Allen's Eeader ; Latin Grammar. 
Greek — Grammar and First Lessons continued. 
Mathematics — Loomis' Algebra. 
I History — Anderson, Medieval ; Classical Geography. 

THIRD TERM. 

Latin — Yirgil's ^neid ; Prosody, Harkness' Grammar. 
Greek — Xenophon's Anabasis, with Grammar. 
Mathematics — Loomis' Algebra. 
History — Anderson, Modern. 
Physical Geography. 

Third Yeai\^ 

FIRST TERM. 

Latin — Yirgil's ^neid ; Arnold's Prose Composition. 
Greek — Xenophon's Anabasis. 
Mathematics — Loomis' Geometry, Four Books. 
English — Grammar; Parsing and Analysis. 
History — Greek and Eornan Antiquities, Eojesen's. 

SECOND TERM. 

Latin — Yirgil's, Bucolics and Georgics; Latin Prose Composi- 
tion ; Cicero's Orations, Chase and Stewart's Selections. 
Greek — The Iliad of Homer ; Greek Prose Composition. 
Mathematics — Eeview of the Course. 
English — Shaw's Specimens of English Literature. 
History — Greek and Eoman Antiquities, Bojesen's. 

THIRD TERM. 

Latin — Cicero's Orations ; Latin Prose Composition. 
Greek — The Iliad of Homer; Greek Prose Composition. 
English — Hudson's School Shakespeare ; Eeading and Parsing. 
History — Selections from Medieval and Modern History, Putz 
and Arnold ; Hume Abridged. 



THE COURSE OF STUDY. 41 



III. THE HIGH SCHOOL COURSE. 

This course comprises the Grammar School Course of three years, 
and adds thereto a fourth year course, allowing the substitution of 
the modern for the ancient foreign languages, and providing for the 
following additional studies : 

Bhetoric — Quackenbos' Ehetoric and Composition. 

Natural Philosophy — Eolfe and Gillet. 

Chemistry — Eolfe and Gillet. 

Mathematics, Trigonometry, and Surveying, 

Astronomy — Hand-book of the Stars. ' 

Geology and Mineralogy — Hitchcock. 

Botany — Gray. 

Anatomy and Physiology. 

Divine Love and Wisdom — Swedenborg. 

Religious System — Le Boys des Guays. 

Science of Government — Alden. 

Book Keeping and Letter Writing. 

THE COURSE IN FRENCH. 
Mrs. Barbauld's Lessons (Elementary) ; Otto's French Gram- 
mar ; Paul e Yirginie ; Picciola ; Corinne ; CoUot's Dramatic 
Eeader ; Charles XII. ; Eicher's Eeligion du bon Sens ; Letters a 
un Homme du Monde, Des Guay's ; Select Eeadings and Conversa- 
tion. 

THE COURSE IN GERMAN. 
Otto's German Grammar ; Comfort's German Eeader ; Auerbach's 
Dorfgeschichte; Schiller's Wilhelm Tell; Writing; Conversation ; 
Goethe's Faust; Lessing's Nathan der Weise. 

THE COURSE IN DRAWING. 

Lines straight and curved ; Geometrical Forms ; Solids ; Simple 
Landscape; Architectural Forms; Outlines of Flowers; Outlines of 
Animals ; the Human Face ; the Human Form ; Architectural De- 
sign ; Mechanical Drawing. 

THE COURSE OF RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION. 

The Word ; Bible History and Geography ; the Decalogue 
explained ; the Correspondence of Heat and Light ; Worcester's 
" Scripture Lessons ; " Eeed's "Growth of the Mind ; " *' The Doctrine 
of Life," "Of the Sacred Scripture," "Of the Lord," "Of Heaven 
and Hell," and the " True Christian Eeligion," by Swedenborg. 



42 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



IV. THE COLLEGE. 



TERMS OF ADMISSION. 



Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class in the Academical 
Course will be examined in the following books and subjects : 

Latin Grammar ; Latin Prose Composition ; Sallust or Caesar, or Allen's 
Latin Keader; Virgi\'s jEneid; Cicero's Orations. 

Greek Grammar; Xenophon's Anabasis, or Goodwin's Greek Reader ; 
Homer's Iliad. 

Algebra," to equations of the second degree ; Geometry, the first and 
third books of Davies' Legendre. 

English Grammar. 

Ancient and Modern Geography. 



CURRICULUM 

FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS. 

FRESHMAN YEAR. 

Latin. — Livy, two books; Horace — Odes, Satires, Epistles; Latin Prose 
Composition. 

Greek, — Xenophon's Memorabilia; Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses ; 

Arnold's Greek Prose Composition ; The Odessy of Homer ; Herodotus. 
Mathematics. — Algebra ; Geometry ; Plane Trigonometry. 
History. — Smith's Greece; Liddell's Rome. 
French. — Otto's French Grammar ; CoUot's Reader; Guizot's Histoire de 

la Civilization. 

SOPHOMORE YEAR. 

Latin. — Cicero — Tusculan Disputations ; Tacitus — Histories, Germania 

and Agricola. 
Greek. — Demosthenes' Orations ; The Prometheus of Eschylus ; The New 

Testament. 

Mathematics. — Plane and Spherical Trigonometry; Navigation; Survey- 
ing ; Analytical Geometry. 

Rhetoric. — Quackenbos' Rhetoric and Composition. 

History. — Schwegler's History of Philosophy ; Authenticity of the Gospels, 
Chandler. 

English Language. — Craik's English of Shakespeare; Marsh's Philological 
Method ; Morris' Early English. 



THE COURSE OF STUDY. 43 

JUNIOR YEAR. 

Latin. — Juvenal; Terrence; De Divino Amore — Swedenborg. 

Mathematics. — Calculus ; Astronomy. 

Natural Philosophy. — Snell's Olmstead's. 

Chemistry. — Youman's. 

History. — The Student's Gibbon's Kome. 

Natural History. — Ware. 

Rhetoric and Logic. — Themes; Discussions; Trench on the Study of 
Words. 

German Language. — Otto's Grammar; Goethe's Faust; Lessing's Nathan 

der Weise. 
Optional. — Greek. — Plato's Gorgias; Sophocles' Antigone; The New Testa- 
ment. 

SENIOR YEAR. 

De Divina Providentia. — Swedenborg. 

Natural Siiience. — Geology and Mineralogy; Zoology; Anatomy and Phys- 
iology; Botany. 
Anglo Saxon. — March; Thorpe's Analecta Anglo-Saxonica. 
History. — Putz and Arnold's Modern History. 

Political Economy. — Alden's Science of Government; Hallam's Middle 

Ages ; United States Constitution. 
Physics. — La Physique Moderne — Saigey. 
The Science of Correspondences. — Swedenborg — "Des Representations et 

des Correspondences;" The Divine Attributes. 
Rhetoric. — Forensics and Themes, monthly ; Reading and Oratory. 
Optional. — Latin. — Quintillian; Pliny; Lucretius; Augustine's " Confes- 
sions," or " De Civitate Dei." 
Greek. — The Republic of Plato ; Thucydides ; Plutarch. 
Italian. — Grammar; Pellico's Mei Prigione; Dante. 
German. — Goethe's Italianische Briefe; Lessing's Laocoon ;. 
Schiller's Don Carlos. 

Review and Examination for Degree of Bachelor of Arts. 



44 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



CURRICVLUM 

FOE THE DEGEEE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE. 

This is a Three Years' Course, requiring for admission the same which 
is required for the Academical Course, with the exception of the Greek 
language. 

THE FIRST YEAR. 

The same as the course of the Freshman Year excepting the Greek, 
for which is substituted Physical Geography and Ganot's Physics. 

THE SECOND YEAR. 

Mathematics. — Plane and Spherical Trigonometry; Analytical Geometry; 

Calculus; Kerr's Mechanics; Navigation; Surveying. 
Chemistry. — Youman's New Chemistry. 
Mineralogy and Geology. — Dana. 
Metallurgy and Mining. 
Drawing. — Mechanical and Topographical. 
French. — Des Guay's Lettres; La Physique Moderne — Saigey. 

THE THIRD YEAR. 

The Study of Degrees and of Correspondence, — Swedenborg on the Di- 
vine Love and Wisdom; Divine Attributes; Principia; On the Infi- 
nite. 

Anatomy and Physiology. — Draper. 

Zoology. — Agassiz. 

Agricultural Chemistry; Botany. 

Astronomy. 

English Language. — Morris' Specimens ; March's Method. 

German Language. [Optional.] 

History of the Arts and of Commerce.. 

Drawing. — Architectural; Linear Perspective. 

Review and Examination for the Degree of Bachelor of Science. 



REGISTER. 45 



REGISTER OF PUPILS 

18 70-1. 

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 
Preceptress MISS F. P. BARNES. 

Boys. 
Albright, Clarence Urbana, 0. 

Candy, Thomas " " 

Ganson, Jonas R " " 

Hill, Frank " " 

Huston, Richard " " ' 

Girls. 
Fisler, Annie Urbana, 0. 



Ganson, Emma 

Huston, Ella 

Huston, Sallie 

NiLES, Gertrude 

Owen, Effie 

RuGAR, Corabelle Beers Galesburg, HI. 

Smith, Jesse Urbana, 0. 

GRAMMAR SCHOOL. 

Boys, 
Baillie, William S Urbana, 0. 

BoYESEN, Ingolf K Kongsberg, Norway. 

Boyesen, Alf E *' " 

Bryan, Levi Mad River Tp., Ch. Co., 0. 

Clarke, William Urbana, 0. 

DuNAYSKi, Franz Dantzig, Prussia. 

Dyer, Charles L New York City. 

Espy, Josiah H Urbana, 0. 

Fithian, William " " 

Grist, Joel C Morris, HI. 

Granger, Hollis Ralph Mobile, Ala. 

Hay, Henry Clinton Portland, Me. 

HoRR, Obed Urbana, 0. 

Matthias, Charles Pittsburg, Pa. 

Niles, Robert New York City. 

Richardson, William C St. Louis, Mo. 

Roberts, William B Glendale, 0. 

ScHARLACH, Fernando L. L Chicago, 111. 

Showers, Frank Urbana, 0. 

Smith, Millard F " " 

SowLEs, Frank Vame '• " 

Wheelwright, Frank " " 

Wheelwright, Harry " " 



46 URBANA UNIVERSITY. 



Girls. 

Coulter, Mart L Columbus, 0. 

Espy, Clara Urbana, 0. 

FlSLER, LiLLIE 

Fulton, Ella 

HoRR, Winnie G 

Keats, Alice 

Marshall, Eva , 

EiNG, Elizabeth C. 

EuGAR, Jane Sheppard Galesburg, 111. 

Smith, Addie Urbana, 0. 

Tipton, Lillie A Griggsville, 111. 

Wheelwright, Mary B Urbana, 0. 

COLLEGE CLASS. 

Preparing to Enter at the Fall Term, 1871, 

For the Degree^ A. B. 

BoYESEN, Ingolf Krog Kougsbcrg, Norway. 

Dyer, Charles L New York City. 

Hay, Henry Clinton Portland, Me. 

Matthias, Charles Pittsburg, Pa. 

Roberts, William B Glendale, 0. 

ScHARLACH, Fernando L. L CMcago, 111. 

SowLEs, Frank Vame Urbana, 0. 

For the Degree^ S. B. 
Grist, Joel C Morris, 111. 



HONOURS 

AT THE 

SPEIISTG EXHIBITIOJSr OF THE GEAMMAE SCHOOL OF 
UEBANA UNIYEESITY, 

Held in College Hall, March 17, 1871. 



First Honour — William B. Eoberts, Glendale, O. Latin Version ; from 
Shakespeare — Laudatio M. Antonii in Funere Csesaris. 

Third Honour— Ingolf K. Boyesen, Kongsberg, Norway. Latin Decla- 
mation; from Sallust — Questus Adherbalis apud Senatum. 

Fifth Honour — Fernando L. L. Scharlach, Chicago, 111. French Ver- 
sion; from "Webster — Harangue Imaginaire d' Adams au Congres. 

Eighth Honour — Charles L. Dyer, New York City. Swedish Version; 
from Longfellow's "Hymn of the Moravian Nuns." 

Ninth Honour — Charles Matthias, Pittsburg, Pa. German Recita- 
tion; ".Die Lorelei " — Heine. 

Tenth Honour — Alf E. Boyesen, Kongsberg, Norway. Norwegian Re- 
citation ; " Den doende Jarl " — Schaldemose. 

Eleventh Honour — Frank Vame Sowles, Urbana, 0. English Decla- 
mation; Cataline's Reply — Croly. 



PEOGEAMMB AT COMMENCEMENT, 

Wednesday, June 7, 1871. 



An Essay on "The Spiritual Nature of Force." Prof. Thomas Freeman 

Moses, A. M., M. D. 
Latin Version ; from Shakespeare. William B. Roberts, Glendale, O, 
English Essay ; Norway's Place among the Nations. Ingolf K. Boyesen, 

Kongsberg, Norway. 
English Version; from the Latin of Cicero. Joel C. Grist, Morris, 111. 
Latin Version ; from the French — Athalie de Racine. Fernando L. L. 

Scharlach, Chicago, 111. 
Inaugural Address ; The New Church University. President Sewall. . 



TJRBANA UNIVERSITY. 



AN ESSAY 



ON THE 



Spiritual Nature of Force 

BY 

THOS. FREEMAN MOSES, A. M., M. D., 

Prof, of Natural Science in Urbana University. 
KEAD AT THE ANNUAL COMMENCEMENT, JUNE 7, 1871. 



TOGETHER WITH THE 



Inaugural Address of the President, 



TO WHICH IS ADDED THE 



Catalogue and Prospectus of the University 



For the Present Year. 



CINCINNATI: 

1871. 












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